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& Cameron, E. E. Suboptimal US response to COVID-19 despite robust capabilities and resources. As many countries speed up vaccination coverage and witness declines in cases and deaths, Brazil lags behind. What it lacks is leadership commitment to save lives. Mater. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. In this approach, the VW for each PSA is constructed from the dynamic storage (G) and loss (G) moduli at representative bonding and debonding frequencies of 0.01 and 100Hz, respectively. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in For example, the 1918 influenza pandemic was estimated to have reduced e0 in the United States by 712 years7. USA 118, e2014746118 (2021). Sustainable polycarbonate adhesives for dry and aqueous conditions with thermoresponsive properties, Recent advances in biodegradable polymers for sustainable applications, Hydroplastic polymers as eco-friendly hydrosetting plastics, Moisture outgassing from siloxane elastomers containing surface-treated-silica fillers, End-of-life upcycling of polyurethanes using a room temperature, mechanism-based degradation, Recyclable thermoset hyperbranched polymers containing reversible hexahydro-s-triazine, Water-processable, biodegradable and coatable aquaplastic from engineered biofilms, Packaging materials with desired mechanical and barrier properties and full chemical recyclability, https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market, https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-11/documents/2017_facts_and_figures_fact_sheet_final.pdf, https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action, https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/super-absorbent-polymer-market, https://www.petrochemistry.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/150727_EBAM-Eco-profile-Acrylic-Monomers-1.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Closed-loop chemical recycling of cross-linked polymeric materials based on reversible amidation chemistry, Functional Acrylate Polymer Synthesis: Postpolymerization Modification Approach. Reaction conditions and yields for acid-catalyzed esterification of poly(acrylic acid), acetic acid, and undecanoic acid. & Pimenta, D. N. Community health workers reveal COVID-19 disaster in Brazil. Rev. Sodium polyacrylate-based superabsorbent materials used in disposable diapers and feminine hygiene products have been challenging to recycle through either open- or closed-loop processes. Numbers above 100 indicate more deaths in 2021 than 2020. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles https://www.petrochemistry.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/150727_EBAM-Eco-profile-Acrylic-Monomers-1.pdf (Cefic European Basic Acrylic Monomers Sector group (EBAM): Brussels, 2015). We used death rates from all causes (including COVID-19) to calculate single-decrement life tables in 2019 and 2020. M.C.C. The state gap remained roughly the same for both e0 and e65 (Fig. (UHe&+IW6rQIG nD!? However, in the presence of COVID-19, this assumption might not hold because deaths were unevenly distributed over the year. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. volume12, Articlenumber:4524 (2021) J. interpreted the data. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE Nature and Biodiversity LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. Santos, M. C. et al. Responsible for the full life-cycle of the first infotainment system in the market, AutoPC built with Microsoft. Moreover, the route involving just decrosslinking and esterification (i.e., no sonication) has the potential to be industrially scalable, providing a sustainable solution to a longstanding waste problem. PubMed Central For e65, the decline in 2021 was estimated at 1.05 years for both sexes (Fig. JAMA 324, 13911392 (2020). Article To obtain Therefore, efforts to introduce synergy between superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) recovery and PSA production may provide much-needed demand for diaper recycling end-products, which in-turn may improve environmental performance for both processes on a large scale. hypno youtube. sub-programme "Climate change mitigation and adaptation to change. To date, most diaper recycling efforts14 have focused on the cellulosic components, which can be biodegraded, incinerated to generate steam, pyrolyzed, or fermented to generate bioethanol15. La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l'ambiente, il clima e l'energia. 3, e1700782 (2017). When we started back in 1995, we were the first company in the world to provide a new kind of electricity- the green kind. This was the case with the 1918 influenza pandemic in the United States, when e0 in 1919 was higher than in 1917, likely due, in part, to selective mortality of individuals with tuberculosis19. J. Environ. To the extent that correction factors are approximately equal for 2019 and 2020, our estimates are not seriously affected by missing deaths. Nature 594, 259264 (2021). Recycling methods that utilize these waste polymers could attenuate their environmental impact. The crosslinks were first hydrolyzed using 0.3M aq. Jennifer Sargent was the primary editor on this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team. Chem. 19, 36923706 (2017). We approximated the population at risk in 2021 by interpolating IBGE population projections to the mid-analysis period (1 March 2021). If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448 (2020). 21). 28, 434439 (2003). The resulting acidic polymer solutions were used directly in the subsequent experiments without any isolation steps. Woolf, S. H., Chapman, D. A., Sabo, R. T., Weinberger, D. M. & Hill, L. Excess deaths from COVID-19 and other causes, MarchApril 2020. While catalytic depolymerization methods20 can, in principle, proceed without side-chain degradation, they have not yet been demonstrated for commercial sources of polyacrylic acid. I\{vd^TC{3SR ZL]hXSU}HcQnVH~;kJ{r]%44FG>~iOq|_nK.u2AMr4P'1Lc3FwMEEet8uU6BmgM1jH#Nip $jmVP->Y$FB4|Kf }Y Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Health 7, e1575e1583 (2019). Lancet 397, 220232 (2021). Sci. Thank you for visiting nature.com. and M.I.J. FaterSMART. x\[s8~w! The South was the last region to be severely hit by COVID-19 in 2020 (ref. https://doi.org/10.25561/78670 (Imperial College London, 2020). When acetic acid was reacted with 2-ethylhexanol/water, we observed a 94% conversion. Nature and Biodiversity ). From April to December 2020, an emergency basic income program mitigated the challenges imposed by the pandemic37 (for example, unemployment), but this benefit ended in December 2020. Bars, organized by major regions, show changes for the states. endobj States are colored according to major regions. Polym. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. endobj 34, 189200 (1991). http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/tabela-de-dados/ (2021). "Climate action". Therefore, we estimated the provisional decline in life expectancy in 2021 thus far; this estimate is based on the DT19 method noted earlier but, in this case, adding confirmed 2021 COVID-19 deaths to the deaths expected among those who did not die of COVID-19, who are assumed to be subject to 2019 mortality rates for the remainder of 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). Percentage loss due to COVID-19 mortality relative to increases in female and male e0 (a) and e65 (b) between 2000 and 2020 by state. Article Excess mortality in Brazil: a detailed description of trends in mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Google Scholar. Google Scholar. Chem. After more than 195,000 lives were reported to have been lost in 2020 to COVID-19, no policy changes have appeared in 2021. On. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Simes, C. C. S. Breve histrico do processo demogrfico. We quantified the effect of COVID-19 on reversing the progress in mortality reduction since 2000 (Methods). !J8Di,t1@'l:fBHM?bG)z6PRIq\QiA#J%B,yd6:$U drJH!e+Lal#fl&|5v{@V:"`as[#!S/`GoQd&~^lsv)rp. & Shamanin, V. V. Chain degradation under low-intensity sonication of polymer solutions in the presence of filler: Mechanism of ultrasonic degradation of flexible chain macromolecules. 364, 19851998 (2009). Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Specifically, using a 2 or 3 step synthetic process, the sodium polyacrylate is converted into a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), which has a significant global market (expected to be $13 billion by 2023) (https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market). https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706 (2021). A much higher loss was estimated for e65: 29% for both sexes in Brazil (Supplementary Table 9). Huang, C. et al. Missed childhood immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analyses of routine statistics and of a national household survey. Article 4: COVID-19 mortality in 2021 and changes in life expectancy by state and sex. Chem. Similarly to Brazil, many other countries in Latin America experienced a relatively fast pace of mortality improvement during this period, benefitting from the public health and medical progress of their forerunners9,11. Nuzzo, J. Brazil has been heavily affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Managed the strategic partnerships with: Microsoft, Nokia, and NavTech. T32 AG000037). The Nature and Biodiversity sub-programme will aim at the protection and restoration of Europe's nature and halting and reversing biodiversity loss. Chem. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> (In contrast to this assumption, the potential dependence between COVID-19 and other causes might lead to modified probabilities of dying from other causes if COVID-19 were eliminated or added as a cause of death.) Phillips, T. Covid eruption in Brazils largest state leaves health workers begging for help. performed the computations mentored by P.M.Z. H2SO4 with heating (Fig. B 121, 36263635 (2017). d, Number of COVID-19 deaths in 2020 per 100,000 people by state (Methods). ISSN 1078-8956 (print). We made the assumption of proportionality between forces of decrement from cause i (or all causes except i) and the force of decrement from all other causes combined8,45. Al-Aly, Z., Xie, Y. and S.K. It was here that Sam, my husband, turned to me and said, 'This could . [:BiU{okw}weM~{zo=nR{=x"}C?V]nQi,"8(,|"}'Y77iY. Plots of storage (G) versus loss (G) moduli for poly(2-ethylhexylacrylate) (a), including visualization of Changs viscoelastic window, and of the cumulative energy demand (CED) and global warming potential (GWP) for each route (b). This year, there is 598 million available for nature conservation, environmental protection, climate action, and clean energy transition projects. At present, the environmental benefits of diaper recycling (including superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) recovery) are dependent on the avoided material burdens52. and JavaScript. ACS Sustain. April 2021 was the deadliest month since the pandemic began: nine capital cities reported more deaths than births, and, by 25 April, the number of COVID-19 deaths in 2021 surpassed that reported in 2020. 123, 116129 (2019). Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. 1 0 obj Considering the large COVID-19 death toll in Brazil, with marked regional inequalities, our goal was to quantify the loss in e0 and e65 in 2020 and in the first 4 months of 2021 due to the pandemic. We compared the gap in life expectancy between males and females in the period life tables constructed for 2019 and 2020 (Methods). ADS Glacial acrylic acid (GAA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), n-butyl acrylate (BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA). )fdg{ca8L[2!/5\r>yGFB]Jd0EH|-v6fmxtlv^{@-0x@oOXLx1)&f@4M6"S6,+I"zvM7AC ~z:Wy{wF3JkGZpd\ _] 7N8cPi} ]}JazX HuEYW0l n5!R?VF|-ww!OHq3G,a@n:X%~m=}WW[ll_oq http://olheparaafome.com.br/VIGISAN_Inseguranca_alimentar.pdf (2021). of 2-ethylhexanol and H2SO4 as a catalyst (Fig. Informao Demogrfica e Socioeconmica. This approach was inspired by the similar structures of sodium polyacrylate (superabsorbent polymer) and the polyacrylates (pressure-sensitive adhesives) used in tapes, bandages, and sticky notes, among others23. . NaOH and mild heating (Fig. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. At each time point, the maximum specific energy (wmax) was calculated using the maximum power drawn from the outlet and the mass of added PAA (Supplementary Information pg S3), and the molar masses were determined using size-exclusion chromatography. Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma (I) 6, 35893595 (2018). 2). Single phase. 1). Hone, T. et al. Disruption in treatment and diagnosis of tuberculosis and HIV might increase mortality over the next 5 years30. For many polymers, recycling via mechanical processes is not feasible and these materials are destined for landfills or incineration. Google Scholar. In both cases, the nonamers were solvated in a 3:1 butanol/water mixture to mimic the most challenging esterification conditions. Andrasfay, T. & Goldman, N. Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations. Applicants wishing to apply for more than one topic, must submit a separate proposal under each topic. served as a sounding board throughout the project. Bauer, W., Jr. Acrylic acid and derivatives. JAMA 324, 510513 (2020). 1b and Supplementary Table 2)5. Previous studies used this approach to estimate life tables in the presence of COVID-19 (refs. X.iieS(,& This was the case for 12 of the 27 states (Fig. Duque, D. Auxlio Emergencial faz pobreza cair em plena pandemia. and N.G. Lancet Glob. Vaccine 39, 34043409 (2021). e65 declined by a larger percentage for males than females in all states, reflecting mens higher risks of dying from COVID-19 (ref. Nature Governance ID LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Types of action LIFE Project Grants Deadline model single-stage Opening date 13 July 2021 Deadline date 30 November 2021 17:00:00 Brussels time Projetos SNAP (os chamados projetos integrados no anterior Regulamento, mas agora especficos 4d). %jgm'"RerkS%K8%b-R*$U{[>m /m1Zf%R(tO*Z{| k,o2;6_s1R5]:4]"%DA& iAL (~E$5B=_"d)}5.zMQU3 d &=1,/'d@|u%jB]Lpl[&nVR&B%,Qq[ Article <>/Metadata 190 0 R/ViewerPreferences 191 0 R>> Molecules 23, 2870 (2018). Of the gains achieved in e0 in Brazil over 2 decades, 19% were lost due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Table 8). a, Estimated change in life expectancy at birth in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state and sex. LIFE 2021 - 2027 Webinar As a consequence, there is an intrinsic, limiting molar mass for each polymer below which further chain scissions are unlikely to occur. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Marcia C. Castro,Susie Gurzenda&Sun Kim, Demography Department, Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Office of Population Research and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, You can also search for this author in Waste Manag. Locations: Colorado; Nevada, Jersey City, NJ; New York City, NY; Ithaca, NY and Westchester County, NY. Offensive waste valorisation in the UK: assessment of the potentials for absorbent hygiene product (AHP) recycling. Tobing, S. D. & Klein, A. Molecular parameters and their relation to the adhesive performance of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. Eng. 916 (Springer International Publishing AG, 2018). Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries.